A washer is a small, thin plate with a hole in the middle that is used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener such as a bolt or nut. There are various types of washers, including plain washers and spring washers, each serving a specific purpose in different applications. The plain washer, also known as a flat washer, is the most common type of washer used in fastening applications. It is a simple, flat circular disc with a hole in the center that allows it to be placed over a bolt or screw. The main function of a plain washer is to distribute the load of the fastener evenly over a larger surface area to prevent damage to the material being fastened. Plain washers are typically made of metal, such as steel or stainless steel, but can also be made of plastic or rubber. Spring washers, on the other hand, are designed to provide a spring-like action when compressed between two surfaces. They are used to create tension and prevent loosening of the fastener due to vibrations or other forces. Spring washers are made of a slightly conical shape and are typically made of hardened steel. When a spring washer is compressed, it exerts a force that pushes against the surfaces it is sandwiched between, helping to keep the fastener tight

plain washer and spring washer. Both plain washers and spring washers are essential components in many industrial and household applications. Plain washers are commonly used in construction, automotive, and plumbing industries to distribute the load of bolts and screws over a larger area. They are also used in electrical and electronic applications to provide insulation and prevent damage to delicate components. Spring washers are frequently used in automotive and machinery applications where vibrations and movement can cause fasteners to loosen over time. They are also used in building structures, bridges, and aerospace applications to provide added security and prevent accidents due to loose fasteners. In conclusion, plain washers and spring washers play vital roles in ensuring the safety and longevity of fastening applications. While plain washers distribute loads evenly to prevent damage, spring washers provide tension and resistance to keep fasteners tight. By understanding the differences between these two types of washers and their specific functions, engineers and technicians can choose the appropriate washer for their applications to ensure proper fastening and prevent accidents or failures.